animalЭкология и животный мирEcology and Animal World2224-1647Институт экспериментальной ветеринарии им. С.Н. Вышелесскогоanimal-197Research ArticleСтатьиФизиологическое увеличение уровня глюкозы в крови коров голштинской породы в транзитный период (обзор)Physiological increase in blood glucose levels in holstein cows during the transition period (review)БелькевичИ. А.BelkevichI. A.

Белькевич И.А., кандидат ветеринарных наук, доцент

г. Минск

РУП «Институт экспериментальной ветеринарии им. С.Н. Вышелесского»Belarus202624072026011622Copyright © Белькевич И.А., 20262026Белькевич И.А.Belkevich I.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://animal.belal.by/jour/article/view/197

Транзитный период у высокопродуктивных коров голштинской породы характеризуется выраженными метаболическими и эндокринными перестройками, среди которых особое место занимает динамика уровня глюкозы в крови. Несмотря на общепринятую тенденцию к гипогликемии в раннем новотельном периоде, в литературе описаны случаи физиологического увеличения концентрации глюкозы, обусловленные стрессовым ответом, эндокринной регуляцией и адаптивными механизмами.

Настоящий обзор систематизирует современные литературные данные о физиологических механизмах повышения уровня глюкозы в крови коров голштинской породы в транзитный период, включая роль кортизола, катехоламинов, инсулинорезистентности и глюконеогенеза.

The transition period in high-yielding Holstein cows is characterized by significant metabolic and endocrine changes, particularly in blood glucose levels. Despite the generally accepted tendency toward hypoglycemia in the early postpartum period, the literature describes cases of physiological increases in glucose concentrations caused by the stress response, endocrine regulation, and adaptive mechanisms.

This review systematizes current literature on the physiological mechanisms of increased blood glucose levels in Holstein cows during the transition period, including the role of cortisol, catecholamines, insulin resistance, and gluconeogenesis.

коровы голштинской породытранзитный периодглюкоза кровигипергликемиякортизолинсулинорезистентностьстрессметаболизм.Holstein cowstransition periodblood glucosehyperglycemiacortisolinsulin resistancestressmetabolism.ReferencesAn overview of the development of perinatal stress-induced fatty liver and therapeutic options in dairy cows / H. Hu, L. Wang, R. Zhang [et al.] // Stress Biology. – 2025. – Vol. 5, № 14. – Р. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44154-024-00206-5.An overview of the development of perinatal stress-induced fatty liver and therapeutic options in dairy cows / H. Hu, L. Wang, R. Zhang [et al.] // Stress Biology. – 2025. – Vol. 5, № 14. – Р. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44154-024-00206-5.Applications of metabolomics in cow health assessment / X. Zhao, P. Tsermoula, B. Khakimov // Metabolomics. – 2025. – Vol. 21, № 159. – Р. 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-025-02364-7.Applications of metabolomics in cow health assessment / X. Zhao, P. Tsermoula, B. Khakimov // Metabolomics. – 2025. – Vol. 21, № 159. – Р. 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-025-02364-7.Association between birth conditions and glucose and cortisol profiles of periparturient dairy cows and neonatal calves / C. I. Vannucchi, J. A. Rodrigues, L. C. G. Silva [et al.] // Vet. Rec. – 2015. – Vol. 4, № 176 (14). – Р. 358. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.102862.Association between birth conditions and glucose and cortisol profiles of periparturient dairy cows and neonatal calves / C. I. Vannucchi, J. A. Rodrigues, L. C. G. Silva [et al.] // Vet. Rec. – 2015. – Vol. 4, № 176 (14). – Р. 358. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.102862.Comparison of production-related responses to hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia induced by clamp procedures or heat stress of lactating dairy cattle / J. W. Stewart, A. G. Arneson, M. K. H. Byrd [et al.] // J. Dairy Sci. – 2022. – Vol. 105, № 10. – Р. 8439–8453. doi: 10.3168/jds.2022-21922.Comparison of production-related responses to hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia induced by clamp procedures or heat stress of lactating dairy cattle / J. W. Stewart, A. G. Arneson, M. K. H. Byrd [et al.] // J. Dairy Sci. – 2022. – Vol. 105, № 10. – Р. 8439–8453. doi: 10.3168/jds.2022-21922.Differences of serum glucose and lipid metabolism and immune parameters and blood metabolomics regarding the transition cows in the antepartum and postpartum period / X. Zhao, Y. Wang, L. Wang [et al.] // Front. Vet. Sci. Sec. Animal Nutrition and Metabolism. – 2024. – Vol. 11. – Р. 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1347585.Differences of serum glucose and lipid metabolism and immune parameters and blood metabolomics regarding the transition cows in the antepartum and postpartum period / X. Zhao, Y. Wang, L. Wang [et al.] // Front. Vet. Sci. Sec. Animal Nutrition and Metabolism. – 2024. – Vol. 11. – Р. 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1347585.Effect of body condition score loss during the transition period on metabolism, milk yield and health in Holstein cows / R. Sun, X. Jiang, Yu Hao Y. [et al.] // J. Vet. Res. – 2025. – Vol. 69. – Р. 91–99. doi:10.2478/jvetres-2025-0004.Effect of body condition score loss during the transition period on metabolism, milk yield and health in Holstein cows / R. Sun, X. Jiang, Yu Hao Y. [et al.] // J. Vet. Res. – 2025. – Vol. 69. – Р. 91–99. doi:10.2478/jvetres-2025-0004.Effects of transport stress on physiological responses and milk production in lactating dairy cows / H. Hong, E. Lee, I. H. Lee [et al.] // Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. – 2019. – Vol. 2, № 3. – Р. 442–451. https://doi:10.5713/ajas.18.0108.Effects of transport stress on physiological responses and milk production in lactating dairy cows / H. Hong, E. Lee, I. H. Lee [et al.] // Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. – 2019. – Vol. 2, № 3. – Р. 442–451. https://doi:10.5713/ajas.18.0108.Endocrine-metabolic regulation during the transition period in dairy cows: mechanisms, biomarkers, and emerging diagnostics for subclinical ketosis / M. Mondal, T. K. Suan, P. L. Gore [et al.] // Front. Endocrinol. – 2026. – Vol. 17. – Р. 1–14. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2026.1799702.Endocrine-metabolic regulation during the transition period in dairy cows: mechanisms, biomarkers, and emerging diagnostics for subclinical ketosis / M. Mondal, T. K. Suan, P. L. Gore [et al.] // Front. Endocrinol. – 2026. – Vol. 17. – Р. 1–14. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2026.1799702.Energetic metabolism, milk production, and inflammatory response of transition dairy cows fed rumen-protected glucose / C. S. McCarthy, B. C. Dooley, E. H. Branstad [et al.] // J. Dairy Sci. – 2020. – Vol. 103. – Р. 7451–7461. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-18151.Energetic metabolism, milk production, and inflammatory response of transition dairy cows fed rumen-protected glucose / C. S. McCarthy, B. C. Dooley, E. H. Branstad [et al.] // J. Dairy Sci. – 2020. – Vol. 103. – Р. 7451–7461. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-18151.Environmental Stresses and Livestock Reproduction / S. M. K. Naqvi, D. Kumar, R. Kr. Paul [et al.]. – Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer, 2012. – P. 97–128. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-29205-7_5.Environmental Stresses and Livestock Reproduction / S. M. K. Naqvi, D. Kumar, R. Kr. Paul [et al.]. – Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer, 2012. – P. 97–128. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-29205-7_5.Estimation of Individual Glucose Reserves in High-Yielding Dairy Cows / J. Habel, P. Cha-poutot, C. Koch [et al.] // Dairy. – 2022. – Vol. 3. – Р. 438–464. https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy3030033.Estimation of Individual Glucose Reserves in High-Yielding Dairy Cows / J. Habel, P. Cha-poutot, C. Koch [et al.] // Dairy. – 2022. – Vol. 3. – Р. 438–464. https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy3030033.Hormonal regulation of the concentration of glucose and its derivatives in the blood of dairy cows during the transit period / V. Vlizlo, D. Ostapiv, M. Simonov [et al.] // Ukrainian_Journal of Veterinary Sciences. – 2022. – Vol. 13, № 4. – Р. 16–24. doi: 10.31548/ujvs.13(4).2022.16-24.Hormonal regulation of the concentration of glucose and its derivatives in the blood of dairy cows during the transit period / V. Vlizlo, D. Ostapiv, M. Simonov [et al.] // Ukrainian_Journal of Veterinary Sciences. – 2022. – Vol. 13, № 4. – Р. 16–24. doi: 10.31548/ujvs.13(4).2022.16-24.Invited review: Inflammation during the transition to lactation: New adventures with an old flame / B. J. B. Send, K. Yuan, J. K. Farney [et al.] // J. Dairy Sci. – 2015. – Vol. 98. – Р. 6631–6650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9683.Invited review: Inflammation during the transition to lactation: New adventures with an old flame / B. J. B. Send, K. Yuan, J. K. Farney [et al.] // J. Dairy Sci. – 2015. – Vol. 98. – Р. 6631–6650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9683.Involvement of Skeletal Muscle Protein, Glycogen, and Fat Metabolism in the Adaptation on Early Lactation of Dairy Cows / B. Kuhla, G. Nürnberg, D. Albrecht [et al.] // J. Proteome Res. – 2011. – Vol. 10, № 9. – Р. 4252–4262. https://doi.org/10.1021/pr200425h.Involvement of Skeletal Muscle Protein, Glycogen, and Fat Metabolism in the Adaptation on Early Lactation of Dairy Cows / B. Kuhla, G. Nürnberg, D. Albrecht [et al.] // J. Proteome Res. – 2011. – Vol. 10, № 9. – Р. 4252–4262. https://doi.org/10.1021/pr200425h.Koster, J. D. D. Insulin resistance in dairy cows / J. D. D. Koster, G. Opsomer // Vet. Clin. North. Am. Food Anim. Pract. – 2013. – Vol. 29, № 2. – Р. 299–322. doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2013.04.002.Koster, J. D. D. Insulin resistance in dairy cows / J. D. D. Koster, G. Opsomer // Vet. Clin. North. Am. Food Anim. Pract. – 2013. – Vol. 29, № 2. – Р. 299–322. doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2013.04.002.Lucy, M. C. Functional differences in the growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor axis in cattle and pigs: implications for post-partum nutrition and reproduction / M. C. Lucy // Reprod. Domest. Anim. – 2008. – Vol. 43, № 2. – Р. 31–39. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01140.x.Lucy, M. C. Functional differences in the growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor axis in cattle and pigs: implications for post-partum nutrition and reproduction / M. C. Lucy // Reprod. Domest. Anim. – 2008. – Vol. 43, № 2. – Р. 31–39. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01140.x.Metabolic and productive responses to heat stress in transition dairy cows: Interactions with calving stage, season, and farm management / E. N. Martínez, C. Castillo, L. A. Reyes [et al.] // International Journal of Biometeorology. – 2026. – Vol. 70, № 54. – Р. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-025-03083-3.Metabolic and productive responses to heat stress in transition dairy cows: Interactions with calving stage, season, and farm management / E. N. Martínez, C. Castillo, L. A. Reyes [et al.] // International Journal of Biometeorology. – 2026. – Vol. 70, № 54. – Р. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-025-03083-3.Metabolic profiling in periparturient dairy cows and its relation with metabolic diseases / М. Kabir, M. M. Hasan, N. S. Tanni [et al.] // BMC Research Notes. – 2022. – Vol. 15. – Р. 231–236. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-022-06130-z.Metabolic profiling in periparturient dairy cows and its relation with metabolic diseases / М. Kabir, M. M. Hasan, N. S. Tanni [et al.] // BMC Research Notes. – 2022. – Vol. 15. – Р. 231–236. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-022-06130-z.NRC. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. – 8th rev. – Washington (DC): National Academy Press, 2021. – 502 p.NRC. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. – 8th rev. – Washington (DC): National Academy Press, 2021. – 502 p.Overton, T. R. Nutritional management of transition dairy cows: strategies to optimize metabolic health / T. R. Overton, M. R. Waldron // Journal of Dairy Science. – 2024. – Vol. 87. – Р. 105–119.Overton, T. R. Nutritional management of transition dairy cows: strategies to optimize metabolic health / T. R. Overton, M. R. Waldron // Journal of Dairy Science. – 2024. – Vol. 87. – Р. 105–119.Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis by Glucocorticoids / T. Kuo, A. McQueen, T.-C. Chen [et al.] // Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. – 2015. – Vol. 872. – Р. 99–126. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2895-8_5.Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis by Glucocorticoids / T. Kuo, A. McQueen, T.-C. Chen [et al.] // Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. – 2015. – Vol. 872. – Р. 99–126. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2895-8_5.Relation Between Inflammatory Parameters and Insulin Resistance Indices in Cows During Early Lactation / M. Cincovic, D. Stojanovic, R. Djokovic [et al.] // Metabolites. – 2025. – Vol. 15, № 11 (751). – Р. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15110751.Relation Between Inflammatory Parameters and Insulin Resistance Indices in Cows During Early Lactation / M. Cincovic, D. Stojanovic, R. Djokovic [et al.] // Metabolites. – 2025. – Vol. 15, № 11 (751). – Р. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15110751.Review. Integrative Insights into Metabolic, Oxidative, and Immune Adaptations During the Transition Period in Dairy Cows: Revisiting Nutritional Strategies and Emerging Roles of Injectable Trace Minerals / M. J. Ashar, P. A. Gonzalez-Rivas, F. R. Dunshea [et al.] // Dairy. – 2026. – Vol. 7, № 1 (15). – Р. 1–33. https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy7010015.Review. Integrative Insights into Metabolic, Oxidative, and Immune Adaptations During the Transition Period in Dairy Cows: Revisiting Nutritional Strategies and Emerging Roles of Injectable Trace Minerals / M. J. Ashar, P. A. Gonzalez-Rivas, F. R. Dunshea [et al.] // Dairy. – 2026. – Vol. 7, № 1 (15). – Р. 1–33. https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy7010015.Rosane Oliveira Temporal gene expression profiling of liver from periparturient dairy cowsreveals complex adaptive mechanisms in hepatic function / J. J. Loor, H. M. Dann, R. E. Everts [et al.] // Physiol Genomics. – 2005. – Vol. 23. – Р. 217–226. doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00132.2005.Rosane Oliveira Temporal gene expression profiling of liver from periparturient dairy cowsreveals complex adaptive mechanisms in hepatic function / J. J. Loor, H. M. Dann, R. E. Everts [et al.] // Physiol Genomics. – 2005. – Vol. 23. – Р. 217–226. doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00132.2005.Stress Response in Dairy Cows Related to Blood Glucose // P. Mudro, J. Rehage, H. P. Sallmann [et al.] // Acta. Vet. Brno. – 2005. – Vol. 74. – Р. 37–42. doi: 10.2754/avb200574010037.Stress Response in Dairy Cows Related to Blood Glucose // P. Mudro, J. Rehage, H. P. Sallmann [et al.] // Acta. Vet. Brno. – 2005. – Vol. 74. – Р. 37–42. doi: 10.2754/avb200574010037.The Complex Interplay of Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Inflammation in Transition Dairy Cows / K. Qiao, R. Jiang, G. A. Contreras [et al.] // Animals. – 2024. – Vol. 14, № 6. – Р. 832–849. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14060832.The Complex Interplay of Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Inflammation in Transition Dairy Cows / K. Qiao, R. Jiang, G. A. Contreras [et al.] // Animals. – 2024. – Vol. 14, № 6. – Р. 832–849. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14060832.Variation of Milk Citrate with Stage of Lactation and De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis in Dairy Cows / P. Garnsworthy, L. L. Masson, L. L. Adam [et al.] // Journal of Dairy Science. – 2006. – Vol. 89, № 5. – Р. 1604–12. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72227-5.Variation of Milk Citrate with Stage of Lactation and De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis in Dairy Cows / P. Garnsworthy, L. L. Masson, L. L. Adam [et al.] // Journal of Dairy Science. – 2006. – Vol. 89, № 5. – Р. 1604–12. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72227-5.Шкуратова, И. А Биохимический профиль высокопродуктивных коров голштинской породы при первичном кетозе / И. А. Шкуратова, А. И. Белоусов, А. С. Красноперов // Ветеринария Кубани. – 2022. – № 4. doi 10.33861/2071-8020-2022-4-7-9. – URL: http://vetkuban.com/num4_202202.html (дата обращения: 30.04.2026).Шкуратова, И. А Биохимический профиль высокопродуктивных коров голштинской породы при первичном кетозе / И. А. Шкуратова, А. И. Белоусов, А. С. Красноперов // Ветеринария Кубани. – 2022. – № 4. doi 10.33861/2071-8020-2022-4-7-9. – URL: http://vetkuban.com/num4_202202.html (дата обращения: 30.04.2026).

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.